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Effects of Butyrylated High Amylose Maize Starch (HAMSB) as an Adjuvant for Oral Immunotherapy

D. Ni, G. Pinget, B. Santner-Nanan, et al., Allergy. First published: 19 November 2025

Geographic Differences in Dupilumab Treatment Outcomes for Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis

S. De Vriese, H. Belasri, F. M. S. Badloe, et al., Allergy. First published: 18 November 2025

Distinct Tryptase Gene Copy Number Variations Correlate With Tryptase Levels in a Population-Based Cohort

Y. Chantran, S. Choi, C. Roda, et al.,Allergy. First published: 17 November 2025

Gut Microbiome Alterations by Allergen Sensitisation and Symptom Severity in Paediatric Allergic Rhinitis

K. Miyake, D. Watanabe, S. Otawa, et al., Allergy. First published: 17 November 2025

Comparison of Two Methods to Analyse Exhaled Breath for Accurate Asthma Detection in School-Aged Children

M. van Aarle, S. Kienhorst, R. Vitale, et al., Allergy. First published: 14 November 2025

The Neurogenic Inflammation Mediator Endothelin-1 Causes Human Skin Barrier Disruption in Atopic Dermatitis via an ETAR/TRPA1-Axis

R. Leo, A. Jochebeth, N. Abdulrahman, et al., Allergy. First published: 14 November 2025

Long-Term Attenuation of Vascular Hyperpermeability in a Hereditary Angioedema Mouse Model by Adenine Base Editing

Y. Wang, Y. Kong, Y. Zhang, et al., Allergy. First published:14 November 2025

Allergological Work-Up in Cephalosporin Allergy Diagnosis and Delabelling: The Experience From Two European Allergy Centres

M. Salas, A. Ghilarducci, I. Doña, et al., Allergy. First published: 12 November 2025

Super-Responders” to Dupilumab Treatment in Patients With Primary Diffuse Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps

P. E. Vonk, J. J. Otten, H. B. E. Elzinga, et al., Allergy. First published: 12 November 2025

A Straightforward Algorithm for Diagnosing Hymenoptera Venom Allergy and Identifying the Relevant Venom for Immunotherapy

L. Arzt-Gradwohl, E. Schadelbauer, U. Čerpes, et al., Allergy. First published: 12 November 2025

Cluster Analysis to Identify Distinct Asthma Phenotypes in the ATLANTIS Cohort

P. J. M. Kuks, T. Karp, J. E. Hartman, et al., Allergy. First published: 10 November 2025

Low-Dose Intralymphatic Immunotherapy for Grass Pollen Allergy is Both Safe and Effective

B. Hviid-Vyff, S. H. Skaarup, A. Duin, et al., Allergy. First published: 09 November 2025

Cryo-EM Structure of FcεRI Bound IgE Reveals Multiple Defined Conformations of the Fab-Fc Hinge

R. K. Jensen, M. Miehe, R. Gandini, et al., Allergy. First published: 08 November 2025

Decarbonising Respiratory Care: The Impact of a Low-Carbon Salbutamol Pressurised Metered-Dose Inhalers

J. King, A. Woodcock, A. Anzueto, et al., Allergy. First published: 06 November 2025

Novel Biomarkers and Diagnostic Tools in Food Allergy

S. Bunyavanich, M. Akdis, M. C. Berin, et al., Allergy. First published: 05 November 2025

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Related Cord Blood DNA Methylation Patterns Are Linked to Maternal AD

L. Matzner, J. Denkena, M. Messingschlager, et al., Allergy. First published: 04 November 2025

Single-Cell Profiling Identifies TNF-Responsive Circulating Eosinophils in Allergic Rhinitis

S. Cai, Y. Zhao, S. Yao, P. et al., Allergy. First published: 04 November 2025

Improving Beta-Lactam Allergy Risk Stratification Through Digital Decision Support: A Randomized Crossover Study of BLAST-A

M. Y. Chong, W. Shi, M. Bulatović-Ćalasan, et al., Allergy. First published: 04 November 2025

Association Between Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Childhood Asthma Through Plasma Metabolome Alterations

M. J. Kim, S. H. Lee, S. J. Kim, et al., Allergy. First published: 03 November 2025

Trajectory-Based Clustering to Identify Asthma Subgroups Responsive to the Selective CXCR2 Antagonist, AZD5069

K. Asamoah, F. Yang, I. M. Adcock, et al., Allergy. First published: 02 November 2025

Characteristics of Adolescents With Uncontrolled Severe Asthma Starting Dupilumab: The PEDIASTHMA Registry

S. Wanin, R. A. Taam, L. G. Chami, et al., Allergy. First published: 29 October 2025

Dynamic Regulation of Collagens, Proteases, Their Inhibitors, and Cell Death in Experimental Asthma in Mice

M. Tynecka, A. Tarasik, B. Hanczaruk, et al. Allergy. First published:28 October 2025

The CXCL12-CXCR4 Axis Mediates Lymphocyte Immune Overactivation in IgG4-Related Chronic Rhinosinusitis

J. Ding, L. Cui, C. Wang, et al. Allergy. First published: 27 October 2025

Role of Inflammasome in IgE-Mediated Anaphylaxis

S. Fernandez-Bravo and R. Fernandez-Santamaria. Allergy. First published:25 October 2025

Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Large Real-World Cohort Study

P. Curman, D. Thaçi, and R. J. Ludwig. Allergy. First published:25 October 2025

Cellular Stress, Inflammation and Barrier Damage in Gut Epithelial Cells Caused by Aspartame

Y. Pat, D. Yazici, C. Zeyneloglu, et al. Allergy. First published: 24 October 2025

Protective Role for Itaconate During Inhaled Allergen Challenge

G. J. Albers, P. P. Ogger, C. Michalaki et al. Allergy. First published: 24 October 2025

On the Kinetics of Human Skin Mast Cell Depletion and Repopulation Following KIT Inhibition

D. Alvarado, D. M. Maurer, P. Golden, et al. Allergy. First published: 24 October 2025

Wildfires and Atopic Diseases: A Review

A. Ha, J. R. Balmes, and M. L. Wei. Allergy. First published: 23 October 2025

Club Cells in Nasal Epithelial Repair: Insights From an IL-13-Induced Inflammatory Model

Z.-Q. Huang, J. Liu, J. Ye, et al. Allergy. First published: 22 October 2025

The Therapeutic Potential of Farm Dust Extracts in a Mouse Model of Eosinophilic Inflammation

R. Ü. Korkmaz, J. Omony, X. Tan, et al. Allergy. First published: 22 October 2025

Unifying Global Drug Allergy: Clarifying Concepts and Defining Low-Risk Penicillin Allergy

Li, P.H., Sabato, V., Khan, D.A., et al. Allergy. First published: 22 October 2025

Human KIT Antibody Briquilimab Diminishes Anaphylactic Responses in Mice Expressing Chimeric Human-Mouse KIT

H.-S. Kwon, S. E. Lee, A. Sharma, et al. Allergy. First published: 21 October 2025

High Serum TSLP Is Characteristic of Late-Onset, Long-Duration, Eosinophilic Asthma

M. Suzukawa, K. Ohta, H. Tashimo, et al. Allergy. First published: 21 October 2025

An Anti-IL-13 Vaccine Reduces Atopic Dermatitis in Humanized Mice and Induces Neutralizing Antibodies in Nonhuman Primates

A. Mougel, K. Lemdani, N. Serhan, et al. Allergy. First published: 21 October 2025

Safety of Drug Provocation Tests in Adults With and Without Clonal Mast Cell Disorders

F. Nalin, B. Olivieri, F. Olivieri, et al. Allergy. First published: 21 October 2025

Prolonged IL-33 Exposure Switches the Secreted Mast Cell Cytokine Profile From Pro-Inflammatory to Pro-Tolerant

A. R. Teufelberger, C. Költgen, M. Babina, and P. Wolf. Allergy. First published:21 October 2025

Heavy Metals as Key Environmental Aggravators in Atopic Dermatitis in Companion Dogs: A One Health Perspective

J. Han, H.-W. Cha, Y. Eom, et al. Allergy. First published: 20 October 2025

Intrinsic Alterations of the Inflammatory Pathways in Primary Canine Atopic Keratinocytes

D. Santoro, L. Archer, G. Scotti, K. Ahrens, and A. Riva. Allergy. First published: 17 October 2025

Immune Training of the Interleukin 6 Gene in Airway Epithelial Cells is Central to Asthma Exacerbations

L. P. Lunding, M. Weckmann, U. M. Zissler et al. Allergy. First published: 16 October 2025

Ocular Microbiome in Dupilumab-Induced Ocular Surface Disease

A. Leonardi, R. Frizzo, F. Cavarzeran, et al. Allergy. First published: 16 October 2025

Asthma Remission in Adults: Role of Age at Asthma Onset, Smoking, Obesity, and Allergic Rhinitis

R. Abohalaka, S. Ercan, L. Lehtimäki, et al. Allergy. First published: 15 October 2025

Single Cell Analysis Reveals Dynamic Changes of Distinct Cell Populations in Human Nickel Allergy

M. Schmidt, A. Knorz, K. Mederet al. Allergy. First published: 15 October 2025

National Audit of Long-Term Real-World Outcomes of Berotralstat Use in UK Patients With Hereditary Angioedema

H. Elbashir, A. Dorr, M. Ahuja et al. Allergy. First published: 14 October 2025

Antibiotics for Acute Wheezing and Asthma Exacerbations: An EAACI Position Paper and Systematic Review

A.-L. Redel, W. Feleszko, M. Atanaskovic-Markovic, et al. Allergy. First published: 13 October 2025

Efficacy of Dupilumab in Asthma: Focus on Early, Progressive, and Long-Lasting Effects on Small Airways

M. Martini, L. Antonicelli, M. S. Garritani, et al. Allergy. First published:13 October 2025

Nasopharyngeal Microbiome-Epigenome-Wide Association Analysis in Infants With Severe Bronchiolitis

R. Shibata, Y. Li, A. Yaskolka Meir, et al. Allergy. First published: 13 October 2025

The Nasal Microbiome and Associations With Environmental Exposures and Respiratory Health

J. Perez-Garcia, A. K. Bozack, S. L. Rifas-Shiman, et al. Allergy. First published: 11 October 2025

Basophils in Skin-Mediated Sensitization Drive Subsequent Lung Inflammation in Airway-Challenged Mice

E. D. Choi, D. Voehringer, and D. Radtke. Allergy. First published: 11 October 2025

The Sting Challenge Test: An EAACI Position Paper on Hymenoptera Venom Allergy

A. V. Castro, C. Breynaert, T. Alfaya, et al. Allergy. First published: 11 October 2025

Genistein Reduced Eosinophilic Inflammation and Remodeling by Downregulating PAI-1 and TSLP

J. Y. Han, J.-Y. Lee, C.-G. Jung,et al. Allergy. First published: 11 October 2025

SQ House Dust Mite Sublingual Immunotherapy Tablet in Children With Allergic Asthma: A Randomised Phase III Trial

G. Roberts, J. Just, H. Nolte, et al. Allergy. First published:09 October 2025

Genome-Wide Blood DNA Methylation Profiling in Birch Pollen Allergic Patients Undergoing Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy

A. Lahnsteiner, V. Ellmer, M. Hao, et al. Allergy. First published: 09 October 2025

Asthma in Pregnancy

E. Denton, M. E. Jensen, B. K. Brew, et al. Allergy. First published:06 October 2025

Secretion of Peanut Protein With IgE Crosslinking Capacity in Human Milk

A. D. Burris, N. Diaz, J. B. Meddings, et al. Allergy. First published:01 October 2025

Long-Term, Real-World Effectiveness of Allergen Immunotherapy in Children and Adolescents With Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

C. Woehlk, T. Stranzl, M. Contoli, et al. Allergy. First published: 01 October 2025

Citations: 342

The international EAACI/GA²LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria

Zuberbier, T, Abdul Latiff, AH, Abuzakouk, M, Aquilina, S, Asero, R, Baker, D, et al. Allergy. 2022; 77: 734– 766

Citations: 147

EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update)

Muraro A, Worm M, Alviani C, et al. Allergy. 2022; 77: 357–377

Citations: 118

The international WAO/EAACI guideline for the management of hereditary angioedema—The 2021 revision and update

Maurer M, Magerl M, Betschel S, et al. Allergy. 2022; 77: 1961–1990

Citations: 118

The role of peripheral blood eosinophil counts in COVID-19 patients

Xie, G, Ding, F, Han, L, Yin, D, Lu, H, Zhang, M. Allergy. 2021; 76: 471– 482

Citations: 114

Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease

Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, et al. Allergy. 2022; 77: 1418–1449

Citations: 105

Basophil activation test: Mechanisms and considerations for use in clinical trials and clinical practice

Santos, A.F., Alpan, O. and Hoffmann, H.-J. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2420-2432

Citations: 90

EAACI statement on the diagnosis, management and prevention of severe allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines

Sokolowska, M., Eiwegger, T., Ollert, M., Torres, M.J., Barber, D., Del Giacco, S., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 1629-1639

Citations: 88/h5>

The role of allergen-specific IgE, IgG and IgA in allergic disease

Shamji MH, Valenta R, Jardetzky T, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3627–3641

Citations: 82

COVID-19 pandemic: Practical considerations on the organization of an allergy clinic—An EAACI/ARIA Position Paper

Pfaar, O, Klimek, L, Jutel, M, Akdis, C, A, Bousquet, J, Breiteneder, H, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 648– 676

Citations: 81

Advances and highlights in allergic rhinitis

Zhang Y, Lan F, Zhang L. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3383–3389

Citations: 79

Allergic reactions to the first COVID-19 vaccine: A potential role of polyethylene glycol?

Cabanillas, B., Akdis, C.A. and Novak, N. Allergy. 2021; 76: 1617-1618

Citations: 76

Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A systematic review for the EAACI guidelines

Agache, I., Song, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., Vogel, Y., Rocha, C., Solà, I., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2337-2353

Citations: 74

Interleukin-31: The “itchy” cytokine in inflammation and therapy

Datsi, A., Steinhoff, M., Ahmad, F., Alam, M. and Buddenkotte, J. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2982-2997

Citations: 73

Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: Relationships to disease phenotypes, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment approaches

Kato A, Peters AT, Stevens WW, Schleimer RP, Tan BK, Kern RC. Allergy. 2022; 77: 812–826

Citations: 70

Vaccines and allergic reactions: The past, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and future perspectives

Sampath, V., Rabinowitz, G., Shah, M., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 1640-1660

Citations: 69

Advances and highlights in biomarkers of allergic diseases

Ogulur I, Pat Y, Ardicli O, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3659–3686

Citations: 69

Regulatory B cells, A to Z

Jansen, K., Cevhertas, L., Ma, S., Satitsuksanoa, P., Akdis, M. and van de Veen, W.

Citations: 62

Advances and highlights in asthma in 2021

Agache I, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Cojanu C, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3390–3407

Citations: 62

Predictors of treatment response in chronic spontaneous urticaria

Fok, J.S., Kolkhir, P., Church, M.K. and Maurer, M. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2965-2981

Citations: 61

The ingenious mast cell: Contemporary insights into mast cell behavior and function

Dahlin, J.S., Maurer, M., Metcalfe, D.D., Pejler, G., Sagi-Eisenberg, R. and Nilsson, G. Allergy. 2022; 2022; 77: 83-99

The EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria

Zuberbier, T., Aberer, W., Asero, R., Abdul Latiff, A., H., Baker, D., Ballmer-Weber, B. et al. Allergy. 2018; 73: 1393- 1414

Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review

Gao, Y-D, Ding, M, Dong, X, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 428– 455

Vaccines and allergic reactions: the past, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and future perspectives

Sampath, V., Rabinowitz, G., Shah, M., Jain, S., Diamant, Z., Jesenak, M. et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 1640-1660

Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19

Azkur, A.,K., Akdis, M., Azkur, D., Sokolowska, M., van de Veen, W., Brüggen, M.,C. et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 1564– 1581

EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update)

Muraro, A, Worm, M, Alviani, C, et al. Allergy. 2022; 77: 357– 377

Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen)

Bousquet, J., Khaltaev, N., Cruz, A.A., Denburg, J., Fokkens, W.J., Togias, A. et al. Allergy. 2008; 63: 8-160

Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China

Zhang, J.-J., Dong, X., Cao, Y.-Y., Yuan, Y.-D., Yan, Y.-Q., Akdis, C., A. and Gao, Y.-D. Allergy. 2020; 75: 1730– 1741

Advances and recent developments in asthma in 2020

Cevhertas, L, Ogulur, I, Maurer, DJ, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 3124– 3146

The international WAO/EAACI guideline for the management of hereditary angioedema – the 2021 revision and update

Maurer, M., Magerl, M., Betschel, S., et al. Allergy. First published: 10 January 2022

A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

Riggioni, C., Comberiati, P., Giovannini, M., Agache, I., Akdis, M., Alves-Correia, M. et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 2503– 2541

Management of anaphylaxis due to COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly

Bousquet, J., Agache, I., Blain, H., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2952-2964

Predictors of treatment response in chronic spontaneous urticaria

Fok, J.S., Kolkhir, P., Church, M.K. and Maurer, M. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2965-2981

Interleukin-31: The “itchy” cytokine in inflammation and therapy

Datsi, A., Steinhoff, M., Ahmad, F., Alam, M. and Buddenkotte, J. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2982-2997

Markers for the involvement of endothelial cells and the coagulation system in chronic urticaria: A systematic review

Mostmans, Y., De Smedt, K., Richert, B., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2998-3016

Eczema herpeticum in atopic dermatitis

Traidl, S., Roesner, L., Zeitvogel, J. and Werfel, T. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3017-3027

Heterogeneity of pollen food allergy syndrome in seven Southern European countries: The @IT.2020 multicenter study

Lipp, T, Acar Şahin, A, Aggelidis, X, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3041– 3052

Direct assessment of individual skin barrier components by electrical impedance spectroscopy

Mannweiler, R., Bergmann, S., Vidal-y-Sy, S., Brandner, J.M. and Günzel, D. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3094-3106

Prenatal paraben exposure and atopic dermatitis-related outcomes among children

Thürmann, L, Herberth, G, Seiwert, B, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3122– 3132

Free human DNA attenuates the activity of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis

Kopfnagel, V, Dreyer, S, Zeitvogel, J, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3145– 3154

Nanoarchitectures for efficient IgE cross-linking on effector cells to study amoxicillin allergy

Tesfaye, A., Rodríguez-Nogales, A., Benedé, S., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3183-3193

Sweet syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine

Darrigade, A.-S., Théophile, H., Sanchez-Pena, P., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3194-3196

Type 2 biomarker expression (FeNO and blood eosinophils) is higher in severe adult-onset than in severe early-onset asthma

Lommatzsch, M., Klein, M., Stoll, P. and Virchow, J.C. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3199-3202

Identification of Ulocladium chartarum as an important indoor allergen source

Pfeiffer, S., Sandler, P., Raith, M., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3202-3206

Effects of allergen immunotherapy in the MASK-air study: a proof-of-concept analysis

Pfaar, O., Sousa-Pinto, B., Devillier, P., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3212-3214

Legends of allergy and immunology: Sergio Bonini

Maltese, G. and Rasi, G. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3227-3229

Medical algorithm: Peri-operative management of mastocytosis patients

Bocca-Tjeertes, I.F.A., van de Ven, A.A.J.M., Koppelman, G.H., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3233-3235

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Junior Members Corner



Dear Juniors,

We are delighted to share that the 9th edition of the EAACI Skin Allergy Club (SAC) was a complete success! Over two inspiring days (15–16 September 2025) in the always beautiful city of Paris, 15 participants were selected to give short presentations followed by group discussions. This small-group format fostered engaging conversations on the latest advances in the dermatological aspects of allergic reactions, in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere. It also encouraged collaboration and knowledge exchange among professionals and renowned experts in the field. This year, special emphasis was given to the traditional practical workshop, offering participants hands-on experience with common diagnostic tests used in the management of skin allergy disorders.

In addition, two of our EAACI Junior Member representatives attended the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Congress held in Amsterdam (27 September–1 October 2025). Organized by our sister society, this major event brought together more than 22,000 delegates interested in respiratory diseases to discuss the latest developments in the field. We would like to highlight the excellent sessions organized by our Early Career Member colleagues, including one focused on career development in respiratory medicine and the always entertaining “Science Slam.” Informal meetings between junior representatives from both societies also took place, further strengthening collaboration and exchange between our communities.

Best regards,
The Junior Member Assembly


EAACI Patients Organisation Committee Corner



HIGHLIGHTS FROM PAAM 2025



A group of ten Patient Organisations Committee (POC) members gathered at this wonderful venue in Palau de Congressos de Palma, Mallorca for 2025 Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Focused Meeting. Many had speaker slots giving lived experience perspectives of having children living with allergy and risk of anaphylaxis. So the EAACI PAAM Congress theme of ‘Inspiring insights for every family’ really resonated with us.

As POC, we are with EAACI to help where we can and it brings the science to a person experience, centred level. We had members a wide range of participants from Chile, USA, Turkey, UK, Sweden, Switzerland, France, Italy, Greece and Spain as POC has 36 POC members in 24 countries.

Our Chair, Ozlem Ceylan, gave an overview at the Opening Ceremony on why EAACI awareness campaigns matter, from awareness to action, so patients can feel heard and patient organisations can help lobby for policy change in their country.

POC participated in the Student Awareness Day that was set to educate 40 students aged 14-16 about allergic diseases and emergency response, with the local organising committee’s support.

One of our POC members, Esther Esteban Arroyo opened “The sister society session” with SEICAP and introduced their patient organisation, AEPNAA and their activities in Spain.

Mikaela Odemyr from Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association joined the Anaphylaxis session with a heartfelt talk, “When My Child Had Anaphylaxis: Expectations vs. Reality”. Fallon Schultz from IFPIES USA, gave a wonderful talk on parents’ perspective of dealing with a child’s FPIES journey and introduced their resources to support caregivers. On the last day of PAAM, Maria Zioga from Greece, gave a great talk, “From panic to preparedness: Building trust and resilience in food allergy care” and highlighted the importance of safety for food allergic children.