Cover Gallery Archive

The term ‘biomarkers’ refers to a broad range of biological makers that are indicators of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention. Large number of studies have been investigating the biomarkers of allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, urticaria and anaphylaxis. Various biomarkers have been developed by omics technologies, some of which lead to a better classification of distinct disease endotypes.

Adolescence is a challenging time for both patients and healthcare providers. Adolescent patients need additional support, while they experience the challenges associated with their age. They need specific training to learn the knowledge and skills required to confidently self-manage their allergies and/or asthma. Transitional care is a complex process, which should address the psychological, medical, educational and vocational needs of adolescent and young adult patients in the developmentally appropriate way.

The discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 1967 together with the identification of its central role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation was a breakthrough in the field of allergy and immunology. Understanding the mechanisms of allergic reactions and involvement of IgE has set the stage for the development of therapies directed at decreasing total IgE levels with anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies.

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the explosive process of urbanization dramatically affected environmental exposures. Air pollution has a significant impact on human health and contributes to the development of respiratory disease. Global climate change affects the distribution of allergens and increases the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events. This issue is dedicated to increase awareness of an impact of climate change on allergic diseases. Cover art by Prof. Susan L. Prescott conveys the message and illustrates the scientific content of this issue.

Recent changes in lifestyles, social interactions and diet in industrialized countries affect human microbiome and, as a consequence, increase the prevalence of allergies and asthma. Nutritional factors and their interaction with the gut microbiota influence immunological processes since an early age. The fermentation of fiber by commensal gut microbiota result in generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, propionate and butyrate.

An outbreak of a new type of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has subsequently spread rapidly to other areas across the globe. The disease is caused by human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, over 150 countries have reported COVID-19 cases, and the situation has progressed to a pandemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The cover image is dedicated to all healthcare professionals who have lost and are continuously risking their lives caring for the patients during the current pandemic. We owe a profound debt of gratitude to all healthcare workers on the front line against COVID-19.

Over the past several decades, the prevalence of food allergy has continued to increase, affecting nowadays 6%-13% of the global population. Avoidance of allergenic foods and management of acute allergic reactions with antihistamines and epinephrine autoinjectors are the current standard of care. Allergen immunotherapy has been shown to increase the threshold of reactivity in the majority of food-allergic individuals.

New biological therapies have been developed for severe asthma and may be applied depending on asthma phenotype and endotype. Omalizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody; mepolizumab and reslizumab, anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies; benralizumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the α subunit of IL-5 receptor, dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the α subunit of the IL-4 receptor are currently available for patients. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) has developed clinical practice guidelines for the use of biologicals in patients with severe asthma.

Innate immune system, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, quickly recognizes microbes and foreign substances. Invading pathogens or other harmful substances trigger proinflammatory responses by activating innate immune cells, several of which are depicted on the cover image.

The development of biologicals, substances of a therapeutic potential, produced through a biological process often engaging biotechnological methods, remarkably advanced the management of many diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, immune deficiencies, asthma and atopic dermatitis. Biologicals act through a specific blocking of certain molecular pathways involved in the disease pathogenesis. Although highly efficient, due to the costs, therapy with biologicals is often justified only in severe and chronic diseases. Another therapeutic option for patients with allergic asthma is allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Severe asthma, defined as inability to achieve or maintain optimal disease control despite use of high-dose medication and treatment of additional contributing factors, is a considerable challenge for patients and health care professionals, and a huge health burden. The evocative cover image in a surrealistic way depicts airway obstruction and emphasizes the severity of the disease.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting 5-10% of adults and up to 20% of children. It has a complex etiology arising from a combination of genetic, immune and external factors. The cover image depicts the compromised barrier function, which is considered an initial step in the development of atopic dermatitis. Although a genetically determined barrier disruption predisposes to atopic dermatitis, there are many other pathological mechanisms that lead to development of this disease.

Allergic rhinitis, a Th3-driven inflammatory disorder, whose prevalence is constantly increasing, has become a disease of civilization. Scientists and physicians around the world are joining forces in the search for the new treatment options to target allergic rhinitis. Hence, the cover image refers to the legend of the Swiss national hero, Wilhelm Tell, who accurately shot an apple off his son’s head. In like manner, the current therapeutic approaches are aimed to precisely target the mechanisms that contribute to disease development without causing any harm to patients.

Allergic rhinitis is the most prevalent allergic disease characterized by sneezing, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, and nasal congestion. Due to these symptoms, patients suffering from allergic rhinitis experience sleep disruption, diminished activity and reduced productivity. The recent advances in the field of allergy pave the way towards precision medicine and opens novel approaches in order to improve the quality of life of patients with allergies. Hence, the cover image featuring a theatre mask shows two faces, allergic rhinitis on one side and a healthy and happy face on the other.

The discovery of IgE, the critical player of type-l hypersensitivity, has opened the door for extensive understanding of the mechanisms of allergic responses. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made over the last 50 years, numerous unanswered questions about the function of IgE and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis remain. Therefore, the cover image features a detective on the trail of IgE, immersed in his search for the mechanisms, causes and novel approaches to treat or avoid anaphylaxis.

Latin proverb – “Si vis pacem, para bellum” that one can translate to “If you want peace, prepare for war” perfectly pictures the intense battle that the innate immune system takes on every day. Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and war, represents the wisdom of the innate immune system that strategically defends against the incoming threat. Poseidon, god of the seas, is the first line of defense and furiously attacks foreign invaders. The innate immune system, like the shedding skin of the snakes on Medusa’s head, is constantly being replenished and rejuvenated.

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only causal treatment that can modify the course of allergic disease, preventing the development of asthma and new allergen sensitization. On the cover, AIT is illustrated as a conductor of the immune system orchestra, amplifying the pleasant sound of the regulatory components and suppressing the dissonance coming from allergen-induced inflammation, ensuring the harmony.

The famous quote from Titus Lucretius Carus, a Roman philosopher-poet of the first century BC – “What is food to one, is to others bitter poison” – has become a food allergy motto. The number of people afflicted with food allergies appears to be steadily increasing. Oral tolerance is a normal physiologic response to ingested antigens. Breakdown of this tolerance results in sensitization to food allergens. The cover image presents a confused peanut under the spotlight, bringing attention to the growing problem of food allergy and raising the discussion of why food that has not caused harmful reactions for many centuries has become a current real threat.

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction with a sudden onset characterized by bronchospasm and hypotension. Anaphylaxis can occur after exposure to insect venoms, drugs, certain foods, immunotherapy injections, and during the perioperative period.

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) has developed evidence-based recommendations for indications and contraindications to house dust mite (HDM) allergen immunotherapy (AIT) as add-on treatment for HDM-driven allergic asthma based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The authors have evaluated the body of evidence of the delivery route of HDM AIT for both adults and children. These guidelines are addressed to clinical allergists, respiratory physicians, pediatricians and other healthcare professionals.

The term ‘microbiome’ refers to the multi-species microbial communities that exist in the human host. It is a highly dynamic environment, the composition and diversity of which varies across different locations in the body and is subject to change substantially over time. These variations are responsible for the existence of the unique habitats within and between individuals. The interplay between immune system and microbiota shapes the human health status. Immune maturation and activity depend on the colonization with a host-specific microbiota. Alterations in the establishment of the microbial communities have been associated with increased risk of allergy and asthma development, which may be linked to lifestyle changes in industrialized countries. Microbial metabolism and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production strongly influence the growth of beneficial bacteria.

The exposome can be defined as exogenous and endogenous complex exposures that humans experience throughout their lifespan, providing a holistic view on human health and many diseases. The exposomic approach is particularly applicable to study chronic diseases, since it provides a risk profile instead of single predictors.

To reach the whole issue, please click the cover

To reach the whole issue, please click the cover