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Barriers and Microbiome

"Tissue barriers, such as the skin, gut, and respiratory tract, play a crucial role in protecting the body from harmful pathogens and maintaining overall health. The microbiome, consisting of trillions of microorganisms living on and inside the body, interacts closely with these barriers, influencing various aspects of human physiology, immunity, and metabolism. Understanding the complex interplay between barriers and the microbiome is essential for developing strategies to promote health and prevent disease. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this relationship and explore innovative approaches, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiome-targeted therapies, to restore microbial balance and enhance barrier function. Efforts to address these issues are crucial for improving global health outcomes and reducing the burden of chronic diseases.

Recent research has highlighted the intricate relationship between epithelial barriers and the microbiome, shedding light on how disruptions in this relationship can contribute to the development of various diseases, including allergies, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic conditions. Factors such as diet, antibiotics, and environmental exposures can significantly impact the composition and function of the microbiome, affecting barrier function and overall health.


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114 Articles


  • Epithelial and sensory mechanisms of nasal hyperreactivity

    Velasco, E., Delicado-Miralles, M., Hellings, P.W., et al. Allergy. First published: 17 February 2022

  • A step closer to understanding the relationship between host and gut microbiota metabolism

    Barker-Tejeda, T., Zubeldia-Varela, E. and Obeso, D. Allergy. First published: 04 February 2022

  • Is epithelial barrier hypothesis the key to understanding the higher incidence and excess mortality during COVID-19 pandemic? - The case of Northern Italy

    Fiorito, S., Soligo, M., Gao, Y., Ogulur, I., Akdis, C.A. and Bonini, S. Allergy. First published: 31 January 2022

  • Epigenetic regulation of epithelial dectin-1 through an IL-33-STAT3 axis in allergic disease

    Yong, H.M., Gour, N., Sharma, D., et al. Allergy. 2022; 77: 207– 217

  • Immune-epithelial barrier interactions mediate intestinal adaptation to diverse diets

    Avino, G., Riggioni, C. and Comberiati, P. Allergy. First published: 12 November 2021

  • Epithelial barrier dysfunction in ocular Allergy

    Singh, N, Diebold, Y, Sahu, SK, Leonardi, A. Allergy. First published: 10 November 2021

  • Impaired skin barrier and allergic sensitization in early infancy

    Wärnberg Gerdin, S, Lie, A, Asarnoj, A, et al. Allergy. First published: 05 November 2021

  • Predicting the recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps using nasal microbiota

    Zhao, Y, Chen, J, Hao, Y, et al. Allergy. First published: 04 November 2021

  • Bacteriotherapy with human skin commensals in atopic dermatitis

    Castillo-González, R., Fernández-Delgado, I. and Comberiati, P. Allergy. First published: 28 October 2021

  • Increased circulating CRTH2(+)Tregs are associated with asthma control and exacerbation

    Chantveerawong, T., Sangkangjanavanich, S., Chiewchalermsri, C., et al. Allergy. First published: 22 October 2021

  • Butyrate and propionate restore interleukin 13-compromised esophageal epithelial barrier function

    Kleuskens, MTA, Haasnoot, ML, Herpers, BM, et al. Allergy. First published: 30 August 2021

  • Early intervention and prevention of allergic diseases

    Brough, H., Lanser, B.J., Sindher, S.B., et al. Allergy. First published: 13 July 2021

  • Association between mucosal barrier disruption by pseudomonas aeruginosa exoproteins and asthma in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

    Tuli, J.F., Ramezanpour, M., Cooksley, C., Psaltis, A.J., Wormald, P.-J. and Vreugde, S. Allergy. First published: 25 May 2021

  • ACE2 downregulation in olfactory mucosa: eosinophilic rhinosinusitis as COVID-19 protective factor?

    Marin, C., Tubita, V., Langdon, C. et al. Allergy. First published: 13 May 2021

  • The epithelial barrier hypothesis: a 20-year journey

    Pat, Y. and Ogulur, I. Allergy. First published: 12 May 2021

  • Immunological resilience and biodiversity for prevention of allergic diseases and asthma

    Haahtela, T., Alenius, H., Lehtimäki, J., et al. Allergy. First published: 06 May 2021

  • Electrical impedance spectroscopy for the characterization of skin barrier in atopic dermatitis

    Rinaldi, A.O., Korsfeldt, A., Ward, S. et al. Allergy. First published: 08 April 2021

  • A new era of atopic eczema research: Advances and highlights

    Hülpüsch, C, Weins, AB, Traidl-Hoffmann, C, Reiger, M. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3408-3421

  • Dangerous liaisons: Bacteria, antimicrobial therapies, and allergic diseases

    Tramper-Stranders, G, Ambrożej, D, Arcolaci, A, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3276– 3291

  • Metagenomic analysis of the conjunctival bacterial and fungal microbiome in vernal keratoconjunctivitis

    Leonardi, A., Modugno, R.L., Cavarzeran, F. and Rosani, U. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3215-3217

  • Direct assessment of individual skin barrier components by electrical impedance spectroscopy

    Mannweiler, R., Bergmann, S., Vidal-y-Sy, S., Brandner, J.M. and Günzel, D. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3094-3106

  • An integrated scalp and blood biomarker approach suggeststhe systemic nature of alopecia areata

    Glickman, J.W., Dubin, C., Dahabreh, D., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3053-3065

  • Eczema herpeticum in atopic dermatitis

    Traidl, S., Roesner, L., Zeitvogel, J. and Werfel, T. Allergy. 2021; 76: 3017-3027

  • Time matters: the circadian rhythm in intestinal homeostasis and food allergy

    Koidl, L., Rohrhofer, J. and Untersmayr, E. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2931-2933

  • Decreased butyric acid-producing bacteria in gut microbiota of children with egg allergy

    Yamagishi, M., Akagawa, S., Akagawa, Y., et al.Allergy.2021; 76: 2279-2282

  • Role of salivary microbiome in IL-10 production and efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy

    Oka, A., Kidoguchi, M., Kariya, S., et al.Allergy.2021; 76: 2617-2620

  • Uncovering the immunological properties of isolated lymphoid follicles

    Obeso, D., Zubeldia-Varela, E. and Villaseñor, A. Allergy.2021; 76: 2306-2308

  • MicroRNA-29s suppressed both soluble ST2 release and IFNAR1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells

    Igarashi, A., Matsumoto, K. and Matsuda, A.Allergy.2021; 76: 2264-2267

  • Inhibition of CpG methylation improves the barrier integrity of bronchial epithelial cells in asthma

    Wawrzyniak, P., Krawczyk, K., Acharya, S., et al. Allergy.2021; 76: 1864-1868.

  • A murine model of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis using the topical application of a vitamin D3 analog

    Kagoya, R, Kondo, K, Kishimoto-Urata, M, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 1432– 1442

  • Butyrate as a bioactive human milk protective component against food allergy

    Paparo, L, Nocerino, R, Ciaglia, E, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 1398– 1415

  • Microbial and transcriptional differences elucidate atopic dermatitis heterogeneity across skin sites

    Ottman, N, Barrientos-Somarribas, M, Fyhrquist, N, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 1173– 1187

  • Interplay between skin microbiota and immunity in atopic individuals

    Riskumäki, M., Tessas, I., Ottman, N., et al.Allergy.2021; 76: 1280-1284

  • Dupilumab reduces inflammation and restores the skin barrier in patients with atopic dermatitis

    Rohner, M.H., Thormann, K., Cazzaniga, S., et al. Allergy.2021; 76: 1268-1270

  • Increased diversity of gut microbiota during active oral immunotherapy in peanut-allergic adults

    He, Z., Vadali, V.G., Szabady, R.L., et al.Allergy.2021; 76: 927-930

  • Impact of diet and the bacterial microbiome on the mucous barrier and immune disorders

    Alemao, CA, Budden, KF, Gomez, HM, et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 714– 734

  • Characterization of conjunctival microbiome dysbiosis associated with allergic conjunctivitis

    Liang, Q., Li, J., Zhang, S., et al. Allergy.2021; 76: 596-600

  • Thinking small: Zinc sensing by the gut epithelium

    Fernández-Gallego N., Sánchez-Madrid, F. and Jimenez-Saiz, R. Allergy. 2021; 76: 411-413

  • Tape strips from early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis highlight disease abnormalities in nonlesional skin

    Pavel A. B., Renert- Yuval, Y., Wu, J., et al. Allergy. 2021; 76: 314- 325

  • ST2 expression and release by the bronchial epithelium is downregulated in asthma

    Kaur, D, Chachi, L, Gomez, E, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 3184– 3194

  • Advances and novel developments in mechanisms of allergic inflammation

    Han, X, Krempski, JW, Nadeau, K. et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 3100– 3111

  • Skin pH–dependent Staphylococcus aureus abundance as predictor for increasing atopic dermatitis severity

    Hülpüsch, C, Tremmel, K, Hammel, G, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 2888– 2898

  • The neuroimmunological toll of nutrient absorption

    De Palma, G., Caminero, A. and Jiménez-Saiz, R. Allergy. 2020; 75: 2415-2417

  • Contrasting microbiotas between Finnish and Estonian infants: Exposure to Acinetobacter may contribute to the allergy gap

    Ruokolainen, L, Parkkola, A, Karkman, A, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 2342– 2351

  • Human airway epithelial cells express a functional IL-5 receptor

    Barretto, K.T., Brockman-Schneider, R.A., Kuipers, I., et al. Allergy.2020; 75: 2127-2130

  • Mining the infant gut microbiota for therapeutic targets against atopic disease

    Boutin, R.C.T., Sbihi, H., Dsouza, M., et al.Allergy.2020; 75: 2065-2068

  • ORMDL3 but not neighboring 17q21 gene LRRC3C is expressed in human lungs and lung cells of asthmatics

    Hur, G.Y., Pham, A., Miller, M., et al. Allergy.2020; 75: 2061-2065

  • The international sinonasal microbiome study: A multicentre, multinational characterization of sinonasal bacterial ecology

    Paramasivan, S, Bassiouni, A, Shiffer, A, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 2037– 2049

  • Antibiotic use during pregnancy increases offspring asthma severity in a dose-dependent manner

    Alhasan, MM, Cait, AM, Heimesaat, MM, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 1979– 1990


  • Epithelial cell dysfunction, a major driver of asthma development

    Heijink, IH, Kuchibhotla, VNS, Roffel, MP, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 1902– 1917

  • Comel-Netherton syndrome: A local skin barrier defect in the absence of an underlying systemic immunodeficiency

    Stuvel, K, Heeringa, JJ, Dalm, VASH, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 1710– 1720

  • Gut microbiota in wheezing preschool children and the association with childhood asthma

    Bannier, M.A.G.E., van Best, N., Bervoets, L., Savelkoul, P.H.M., et al. Allergy.2020; 75: 1473-1476

  • Effects of cryopreservation on antiviral responses of primary airway epithelial cells

    Taka, S., Nikopoulou, C., Polyzos, A., et al. Allergy.2020; 75: 1486-1489

  • Colony-stimulating factor 1 and its receptor are new potential therapeutic targets for allergic asthma

    Moon, H-G, Kim, S-J, Lee, MK, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 357– 369

  • Human airway epithelial extracellular vesicle miRNA signature is altered upon asthma development

    Bartel, S, La Grutta, S, Cilluffo, G, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 346– 356

  • Postnatal probiotics and allergic disease in very preterm infants: Sub-study to the ProPrems randomized trial

    Plummer, EL, Chebar Lozinsky, A, Tobin, JM, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 127– 136

  • Markers of microbial exposure lower the incidence of atopic dermatitis

    Chatenoud, L, Bertuccio, P, Turati, F, et al. Allergy. 2020; 75: 104– 115

  • The exposome in atopic dermatitis

    Stefanovic, N, Flohr, C, Irvine, AD. Allergy. 2020; 75: 63– 74

  • Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation augments esophageal barrier integrity

    Ruffner, MA, Song, L, Maurer, K, et al. Allergy. 2019; 74: 2449– 2460

  • Direct assessment of skin epithelial barrier by electrical impedance spectroscopy

    Rinaldi, AO, Morita, H, Wawrzyniak, P, et al. Allergy. 2019; 74: 1934– 1944

  • Spontaneous atopic dermatitis in mice with a defective skin barrier is independent of ILC2 and mediated by IL-1β

    Schwartz, C, Moran, T, Saunders, SP, et al. Allergy. 2019; 74: 1920– 1933

  • Mast cell chymase impairs bronchial epithelium integrity by degrading cell junction molecules of epithelial cells

    Zhou, X, Wei, T, Cox, CW, Jiang, Y, Roche, WR, Walls, AF. Allergy. 2019; 74: 1266– 1276

  • High levels of butyrate and propionate in early life are associated with protection against atopy

    Roduit, C, Frei, R, Ferstl, R, et al. Allergy. 2019; 74: 799- 809