Graphical Abstracts and Highlights

Hyeun Wook Chang et al.

• Binding of IgE/Ag, SCF, HSP70, and eMIP/CCL3 to their receptors induces Lck phosphorylation, which in turn phosphorylates LAT.

• PhosphoLAT triggers phosphorylation of PLC, PI3K, and downstream signaling proteins leading to degranulation and mediator release.

• All receptors are internalized with the aid of phospho-Lck. Activated by micromolar doses of eMIP/CCL3 or by A770041, SHP-1 dephosphorylates phospho-Lck, whereby receptor recycling, degranulation and mediator release are terminated.

• Activated by micromolar doses of eMIP/CCL3 or by A770041, SHP-1 dephosphorylates phospho-Lck, whereby receptor recycling, degranulation and mediator release are terminated.

  Abbreviations: A770041, a selective inhibitor of Lck; CCL3, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3; eMIP, a 69- amino acid variant of human CCL3; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; Lck, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; LAT, linker for activation of T cells; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PLCγ: phospholipase Cγ; SCF; stem cell factor; SHP-1: Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1

Andrea Chiricozzi et al.

• Among 1831 studied AD patients, 86.1% were treated with dupilumab.

• Patients continuing therapy experienced a marked reduction of disease severity during pandemic.

• The causes of treatment interruption included: fear of increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection (24.8%), occurrence of comorbidities (5.9%), age above 60 years (5.2%), SARS-CoV-2 infection (2.8%), close contact with SARS-CoV-2- positive subject (2.4%), other reasons, for example, inability to maintain drug supply, non-medical/unspecified causes (58.7%).

  Abbreviations: AD, atopic dermatitis; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; EASI, eczema area severity index; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2

Jin-jin Zhang et al.

• This study compares the clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristicsand longitudinal variations in laboratory parameters of the 289 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with different severity and clinical outcomes.

• We propose that elder age, a greater number of affected lobe(s), elevated C-CRP level and increased prevalence of chest tightness/dyspnea and smoking history may be associated with the fatal outcome of patients with severe COVID-19.

• We identify strong correlations between age, affected lobe numbers, and laboratory variables.

  Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; COVID-19, coronavirus infectious disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; NLR, neutrophil to leucocyte ratio; PC1/2, principal component 1/2; PCT, procalcitonin

Natalie M. Niessen et al.

• Increased sputum and serum TNF markers are associated with neutrophilic asthma, severe asthma and frequent exacerbation history.

• Azithromycin treatment reduces airway and systemic TNF markers, suggesting an anti-inflammatory mechanism.

• Azithromycin effect on TNF markers is most pronounced in non-eosinophilic asthma. Effect on serum but not sputum markers is related to sputum bacteria-positive culture, linking antibiotic effect to modulation of systemic inflammation.

  Abbreviations: AMAZES-RCT, Asthma and Macrolides: The Azithromycin Efficacy and Safety study – Randomized Control Trial; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TNFR, TNF receptor

Arturo O. Rinaldi et al.

• EIS differentiates between AD patients and controls.

• EIS can characterize lesional and non-lesional skin of patients. During hospitalization, lesions showed a significant increase in EIS that correlated with healing.

• EIS scores showed a significant inverse correlation with serum biomarkers associated with inflammatory response, particularly chemokines such as CCL13, CCL3, CCL7, CXCL8, and other molecules such as IRAK1, IRAK4 and FG2.

  Abbreviations: AD, atopic dermatitis; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; IRAK, interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase; FG2, fibroblast growth factor 2; EIS, electrical impedance spectroscopy; EIS score, the score given to a measurement by the artificial intelligence model based on EIS measurements